Differences and Similarities between Respiration and Photosynthesis Essay Example for Free

Differences and Similarities between Respiration and Photosynthesis Essay Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis OrganellesMitochondriaChloroplast Organelle StructuresThe double-membraned mitochondrion can be loosely described as a large wrinkled bag packed inside of a smaller, unwrinkled bag. The two membranes create distinct compartments within the organelle, and are themselves very different in structure and in function.Two membranes contain and protect the inner parts of the chloroplast. The stroma is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created. One thylakoid stack is called a granum. The thylakoids have chlorophyll molecules on their surface. That chlorophyll uses sunlight to create sugars. The stacks of sacs are connected by stromal lamellae. The lamellae act like the skeleton of the chloroplast, keeping all of the sacs a safe distance from each other and maximizing the efficiency of the organelle. Stages InvolvedGlycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport ChainPhotoexcitation, photolysis, photophosphorylation ReactantsOxygen and GlucoseCarbon Dioxide and Water

African-American Civil Rights Movement of 1955-1968 Essay -- Black Civi

The series of African-American Civil Rights movements, which stretched from 1955 to 1968, aimed at restoring the rights of African-American people and liberating them from social and racial discrimination. This movement changed the social and political structure of the United States. The main catch was that the movement accomplished successful results following the ‘nonviolent resistance’, establishing the fact that the Christian religion believed in peace and equality. BIRTH OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS United States, since its foundation has endured racial inequality. The government and other major institutions were administrated by the ‘whites’ and the ‘black’ Americans lacked behind in every aspect of life. The reconstruction period, that started after the defeat of the Confederate States of America, lasted for twelve years starting from 1865 to 1877.The elections of 1876 brought an end to this era in which the whites of the Democratic party gained political control in the south while the Republican Party, which mainly constituted of the Blacks, lost terribly because blacks were not allowed to register their votes. By the early 20th centaury, majority of the elected officials in the south were Democrats, the white domination caused increase in the violence on African Americans and they were detained from their rights of education, employment and religion. The consequence was the emergence of the ‘Jim Crow’ system which suppressed and violated the racial and social rights of the African Americans. The conditions in the North and West were comparatively better so most of the African people seek refuge in migration. Previously, the Civil rights movement of 1955 – 1968, with the help of organizations like NAACP (National... ... which was responsible was the division of equal power, took no practical measures in that regard. All in all, this movement was very successful in the general populous and managed to give them a sensation of separate and distinct identity but didnot achieve any remarkable results in the political domain. Conclusion To conclude, Civil Rights Movement of 1955 – 1968 has been the turning point not only in the history of African – American but has also been a source of inspiration and motivation for the further Civil Rights movements, that strived for the equality of gays, women and other minority nations. The key points of the movement were derived from the teachings of Jesus and Mohandas Gandhi and perhaps it was the result of such remarkable teachings that the movement managed to attain triumphant results and turned around the life of the people of America.

Molarity and Percent Solution Lab Essay

Objective: The objective of this lab was to determine the molarity and percent solution of a solution with an unknown concentration. Background: Molarity is the number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution. Percent solution is the percentage of a solute in a specific mass or volume of a solvent. A solute is a solid that gets dissolved in a solvent or a liquid that is a smaller amount than the solvent. A solvent is a liquid that dissolves the solute and it always is a larger amount. Solvation is when solute particles are surrounded by solvent molecules. A lab technique that was used during the lab was to boil the solution in order to separate the solute from the solvent. Materials List: – 10mL graduated cylinder – Solution with unknown concentration – Hot plate – Pipette – Hot grip – Scale – 100mL beaker Procedure: 1. Obtain the solution with the unknown concentration from Mrs. Magdaleno. 2. Measure the volume of the solution by pouring it in the 10mL graduated cylinder. Use the pipette to take out solution in the graduated cylinder until the volume was at 6mL. Record it in the data table. 3. Measure the empty 100mL beaker using the scale. Record it in the data table. 4. Pour the solution in the 100mL beaker. 5. Find the mass of the beaker and solution using the scale. Make sure to subtract original beaker mass from the mass of the beaker and solution. 6. Boil the solution to separate the solute from the solvent by using the hot plate set to nine. 7. Once all the water has evaporated use the hot grips to remove the beaker from the hot plate and let cool. Find the mass of the beaker and solute using the scale. Make sure to subtract beaker mass from the beaker and solute mass. 8. Use the data from the data table to solve for molarity and percent solution. Observations: – The water started to boil and evaporate when it was on the hot plate. – It smelt like the salt was burning. – Some salt spilled out on the lab station when the water completely evaporated. Data Table: |Volume of solution (L) |6mL=0.006L | |Mass of beaker (g) |68.95g | |Mass of solution and beaker(g) |75.06g | |Mass of solution(g) |6.12g | |Mass of solute and beaker(g) |69.41g | |Mass of solute(g) |0.46g | Results: A: Molarity B: Percent Solution Conclusion: The molarity that was calculated for the unknown solution was 1.31M. The percent solution that was calculated for the unknown solution was 7.52%. A procedural that would have led to a lower concentration value was when some salt spilled out onto the lab station after all of the water had evaporated from the beaker. Another error that would result in a higher concentration would be if the beaker was not dry when the mass was measured with the scale. Something that could be done differently to lead to a more accurate concentration would be to take the beaker off the hot plate sooner and not let the salt sit and burn or come out of the beaker.

How to make a payment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2023 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? 187882 Structure: Issues, Legal rules and application Jack has signed an agreement with the bank after seeking legal advice that the contract makes him personally liable for the full amount of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debt and that his house is at risk if the company defaults. However, he could avoid the liability if he can demonstrate that his signature on the document was obtained by fraud or misrepresentation, or non est factum. On the other hand if he fails to establish any such claim then it would be immaterial whether or not he had knowledge of the fact that his house is at risk and that he would be personally liable for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debts. Misrepresentation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The terms of the contract are not the statements of fact but promises.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  These may be about the past, present or future facts. Karen, in this case has not explained the full facts or extent of the Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial situat ion and its dire need for further funding to pay off the liabilities it has built up to Jack. This has clearly resulted in Jack believing that she can turn the company around. The rules on misrepresentation are drawn partly from the law of tort and partly from equity and supplemented by the Misrepresentation Act 1967. In Headley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd (1) (2) it was held that Plaintiffs Heller Partners could not recover any damages from the bank although the bank gave a credit reference for Easipower Ltd, one of their customers. A claim for tortuous action for negligent statement was possible in principle. This was then proved in Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon (1976) (3) (4) when it was held that if one party to the contract is induced to enter into the contract by making negligent statements by the other party to the contract and that the other party has reasonably relied on it, then an action for liability in tort could be brought. Mr Mardon relied on the sales f orecasts produced by Esso executives which did not materialise. The Court of Appeal held that Mr Mardon entered in to the transaction believing the sales forecasts produced by Esso and as a consequence incurred a loss therefore, he was entitled to damages. On the other hand, in the Grogan v Robin Meredith Plant Hire Ltd, (5) (6) it was held that a signature on a document which serves an administrative purpose cannot be taken as a contractual document. Similarly, in Thoroughgood (1582) (7) (8) an illiterate Landlord was owed a rent by a tenant. The tenant prepared a deed which was incorrectly read over to him by a bystander. The document he believed he signed was to waive the rent arrears by the tenant however the document actually signed his rights away to that property. Subsequently the tenant sold the land to an innocent buyer which had to be recovered by a legal action for trespass. Thoroughgood succeeded in his action as the document he signed was misrepresented to him. Si milarly in Lloyds bank Plc v Waterhouse (9) (2) an illiterate farmer signed a bank guarantee for  £192,163 for his son for the purchase of a farm. Although he asked the bank about the terms he did not read the guarantee document before actually signing it, he did not tell the bank that he has not read the guarantee document either. He genuinely believed that he was signing a document which would only cover the loan on the farm and not an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“all monies guaranteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It was held that he was not under any obligation to tell the bank the fact that he was illiterate. Obviously he received satisfactory answers to his question from the bank and therefore he signed the document. On this basis, the court allowed his appeal. The plea of non est factum was used to protect illiterate persons who were tricked into signing documents. Eventually it became available to literate persons signing the documents believing it to be something completely different from wh at they believed it was. Applying this to the current scenario, Jack is an employee and Karen is an Employer and the Courts will infer dependence from this relationship. Obviously Karen is in a stronger position than Jack and able to exert influence. This is one of the classic three party undue influence cases where Karen has failed to explain the full extent of the charge on her house. The courts have developed a doctrine where it is needed to establish whether the lender had made one party, usually the husband, its agent for the purpose of getting the other party, the wife, to sign the charge. In Barclays Bank v Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Brien (10) (11) the House of Lords held that the real issue was whether or not the bank had notice and not a question of husband being made as its agent. Although the doctrine of undue influence is applied to contracts it also applies in a same way to gifts and other transactions. In order for this doctrine to apply it is necessary to establish that o n of the parties to the contract has depended on the other party to the contract. As a direct result of this the other party has taken advantage of that dependence. In Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Etrange v F Graucob Ltd (12) (6) Miss Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Estrange was the owner of a cafÃÆ' © in Llandudno. She purchased a cigarette vending machine from Graucob Ltd. The machine became defective. She claimed that Graucob Ltd were in breach of an implied term that the machine was reasonably fit for its purpose. Graucob Ltd denied that any such term could be implied. They relied upon a clause in the order form, which the plaintiff had signed, which said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"any express or implied condition, statement, or warranty, statutory or otherwise not stated herein is hereby excludedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This clause was in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"regrettably small printà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and Miss Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Estrange had not read it and did not know of its contents. The court decided that Miss Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Estrangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature on the order form containing the clause meant that her lack of awareness of the exemption clause was irrelevant. The clause prevented the term from being implied, but Graucob were not in breach of contract despite the defects in the vending machine. A signed document is governed by very strict legal rules, generally. A person who signs the document is bound by it if there is no fraud or misrepresentation. Jack would be able to rescind the contract if he can prove that he was induced by Karen to sign it by not giving him accurate information about the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prospect of recovery from its financial troubles. However, the bank who is in this case the bona fide third party has acquired rights to repossess his property to realise its debt. The only possible defence he could have is to claim that the contract is void by claiming non est factum and that his mind was completely occupied by the thought that Karen would turn the company around. Foster v Mackinnon (1869) LR 4 CP 704 (13) (14) In this case a bill of exchange was signed by an elderly gentleman. He was told that the document contained the same guarantee as the previous guarantee document he had signed. Only the back of the document where he signed was shown to him instead of the full document. It was held that a new trial should be conducted and Byles J stated: It seems plain, on principle and on authority, that if a blind man, or a man who cannot read, or who, for some reason (not implying negligence) forbears to read, has a written contract falsely read over to him, the reader misreading it to such a degree that the written contract is of a nature altogether different from the contract pretended to be read from the paper which the blind or illiterate man afterwards signs; then at least if there be no negligence, the signature obtained is of no force. And it is invalid not merely on the ground of fraud, where fraud exi sts, but on the ground that the mind of the signer did not accompany the signature; in other words, he never intended to sign and therefore, in contemplation of law, never did sign the contract to which his name is appended. In the present case, he was deceived, not merely as to the legal effect, but as to the actual contents of the instrument. Section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act provides a plaintiff with damages for negligent misstatement unless the other party can prove that the facts presented were true. The party who made the misrepresentation has to show that they acted reasonably. In Howard Marine and Dredging Co. Ltd v A. Ogden and Sons (Excavations) Ltd (15) (16), contractors wanted to hire some barges. The capacity of the barges was important because that would determine how soon the job could be done. They got an oral reply which was incorrect. Hence the work took longer and so Ogden refused to pay the hire charges for the extra time required. Howard Marine sued O gden but they claimed negligent misstatement. The Court of Appeal held in majority that the person who made the inaccurate statement was liable under section 2(1) of the 1967 Act. Bridge L.J. stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the statute impose an absolute obligation not to state facts which the representator cannot prove he had reasonable ground to believe.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  On the further claim for common law negligence, the court was divided. So Ogden did not succeed in tort for damages for negligent misstatement. Conclusion Jack was advised to seek independent legal advice by the bank and recommended a lawyer for him to advice on this issue. However, despite clear advice from the lawyer that his house could be at risk if Karenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s company fails to make repayments to the bank, Jack decides to go ahead with the charge and signs the document. Therefore, the bank is in a strong position to argue that they have taken all the necessary steps to prevent Jack from signing the do cument without understanding the risks involved especially when he has taken legal advice. Therefore, in this circumstances if Jack decides to make an application to set aside the transaction claiming he entered into this transaction under undue influence would most certainly be unsuccessful. It should be noted at this point that as a general rule a person is bound by a document he signs unless he had been induced to sign by fraud or misrepresentation, in which case it would be voidable. However, it may be possible to file for indemnity against the Director, Karen, for misrepresentation and offer the bank a certain amount of money every month to pay off the debt to the bank if she wants to save the house. He could take an action against Karen the Managing Director of the Company for obtaining a charge on his house to secure companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overdraft facility by misleading him and putting him under pressure. If on the other he claims that it is not my deed then, a succe ssful plea would render the document void. Bibliography 1. Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners (1964) AC 465 2 Lawtel [Homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2006 05 05]; Available from https://www.lawtel.com 3 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd V Mardon (1976) 2 A11 ER 5, CA 4 Misrepresentation. In: Koffman L, Macdonald E. The Law of Contract. 5th ed. London: Lexis Nexis; 2004. 341 at 345 5 Grogan v Robin Meredith Plant Hire (1996) 15 Tr LR 371 6 Exemption clauses. In : Koffman L, Macdonald E. The Law of Contract. 5th ed. London: Lexis Nexis; 2004. 165 at 170 7 Thoroughgoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Case, Thoroughgood v Cole (1582) 1 and 129 8 Mistake. In: Koffman L, Macdonald E. The Law of Contract. 5th ed. London: Lexis Nexis; 2004. 306 at 338 9 Lloyds bank Plc v Waterhouse 10 Barclays Bank plc v Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Brian [1994] 4 All ER 417 11 Duress and Undue Influence In: Koffman L, Macdonald E. The Law of Contract. 5th ed. London: Lexis Nexis; 200 4. 384 at 410 12 Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 13 Foster v Mackinnon (1869) LR 4 CP 704 14 Lawteacher [homepage on the Internet].[cited 2006 05 05]; Available from https:// www.lawteacher.net 15 Howard Marine and Dredgining Co Ltd v Ogden (A) Sons (Excavatins) Ltd (1978) QB 574, CD 16 Misrepresentation. In: Hogan B, Seago P, Bennett G. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  level law. 4th edition. London: Sweet Maxwell Ltd: 1996 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to make a payment" essay for you Create order